Roman numerals are a system of numerical notation. Instead of using the familiar numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, etc.), numbers have a set of symbols to represent them. These symbols are derived from the Latin alphabet and have specific values assigned to them.By combining these symbols, different numbers are represented.
Roman numerals are used today in a variety of contexts, such as clock faces, book chapters, Super Bowl numbering, and even movie credits.
xxv roman numerals: 10 + 10 + 5 = 25 in numerical standers number
Table of Contents
The seven basic symbols used in Roman numerals are:
- I: Represents the value 1.
- V: Represents the value 5.
- X: Represents the value 10.
- L: Represents the value 50.
- C: Represents the value 100.
- D: Represents the value 500.
- M: Represents the value 1000.
Roman Numbers 1 to 100 Chart
How to Write Roman Numbers 1 to 100?
Number | Number in Words | Roman Number |
---|---|---|
1 | One | I |
2 | Two | II |
3 | Three | III |
4 | Four | IV |
5 | Five | V |
6 | Six | VI |
7 | Seven | VII |
8 | Eight | VIII |
9 | Nine | IX |
10 | Ten | X |
11 | Eleven | XI |
12 | Twelve | XII |
13 | Thirteen | XIII |
14 | Fourteen | XIV |
15 | Fifteen | XV |
16 | Sixteen | XVI |
17 | Seventeen | XVII |
18 | Eighteen | XVIII |
19 | Nineteen | XIX |
20 | Twenty | XX |
21 | Twenty-one | XXI |
22 | Twenty-two | XXII |
23 | Twenty-three | XXIII |
24 | Twenty-four | XXIV |
25 | Twenty-five | XXV |
26 | Twenty-six | XXVI |
27 | Twenty-seven | XXVII |
28 | Twenty-eight | XXVIII |
29 | Twenty-nine | XXIX |
30 | Thirty | XXX |
31 | Thirty-one | XXXI |
32 | Thirty-two | XXXII |
33 | Thirty-three | XXXIII |
34 | Thirty-four | XXXIV |
35 | Thirty-five | XXXV |
36 | Thirty-six | XXXVI |
37 | Thirty-seven | XXXVII |
38 | Thirty-eight | XXXVIII |
39 | Thirty-nine | XXXIX |
40 | Forty | XL |
41 | Forty-one | XLI |
42 | Forty-two | XLII |
43 | Forty-three | XLIII |
44 | Forty-four | XLIV |
45 | Forty-five | XLV |
46 | Forty-six | XLVI |
47 | Forty-seven | XLVII |
48 | Forty-eight | XLVIII |
49 | Forty-nine | XLIX |
50 | Fifty | L |
51 | Fifty-one | LI |
52 | Fifty-two | LII |
53 | Fifty-three | LIII |
54 | Fifty-four | LIV |
55 | Fifty-five | LV |
56 | Fifty-six | LVI |
57 | Fifty-seven | LVII |
58 | Fifty-eight | LVIII |
59 | Fifty-nine | LIX |
60 | Sixty | LX |
61 | Sixty-one | LXI |
62 | Sixty-two | LXII |
63 | Sixty-three | LXIII |
64 | Sixty-four | LXIV |
65 | Sixty-five | LXV |
66 | Sixty-six | LXVI |
67 | Sixty-seven | LXVII |
68 | Sixty-eight | LXVIII |
69 | Sixty-nine | LXIX |
70 | Seventy | LXX |
71 | Seventy-one | LXXI |
72 | Seventy-two | LXXII |
73 | Seventy-three | LXXIII |
74 | Seventy-four | LXXIV |
75 | Seventy-five | LXXV |
76 | Seventy-six | LXXVI |
77 | Seventy-seven | LXXVII |
78 | Seventy-eight | LXXVIII |
79 | Seventy-nine | LXXIX |
80 | Eighty | LXXX |
81 | Eighty-one | LXXXI |
82 | Eighty-two | LXXXII |
83 | Eighty-three | LXXXIII |
84 | Eighty-four | LXXXIV |
85 | Eighty-five | LXXXV |
86 | Eighty-six | LXXXVI |
87 | Eighty-seven | LXXXVII |
88 | Eighty-eight | LXXXVIII |
89 | Eighty-nine | LXXXIX |
90 | Ninety | XC |
91 | Ninety-one | XCI |
92 | Ninety-two | XCII |
93 | Ninety-three | XCIII |
94 | Ninety-four | XCIV |
95 | Ninety-five | XCV |
96 | Ninety-six | XCVI |
97 | Ninety-seven | XCVII |
98 | Ninety-eight | XCVIII |
99 | Ninety-nine | XCIX |
100 | One hundred | C |
Roman Numerals 100 to 1000
Number | Roman Numerals | Evaluation | Number in Words |
---|---|---|---|
100 | C | 100 | One hundred |
200 | CC | 100 + 100 | Two hundred |
300 | CCC | 100 + 100 + 100 | Three hundred |
400 | CD | 500 – 100 | Four hundred |
500 | D | 500 | Five hundred |
600 | DC | 500 + 100 | Six hundred |
700 | DCC | 500 + 100 + 100 | Seven hundred |
800 | DCCC | 500 + 100 + 100 + 100 | Eight hundred |
900 | CM | 1000 – 100 | Nine hundred |
1000 | M | 1000 | One Thousand |
What is Roman Letters
Roman letters are created using the English alphabet but not all letters are taken for Roman numerals. Of the 26 English letters, 23 are Roman letters, not including J, U, and W. Therefore, the Roman letters are:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Y, and Z. These Roman letters are also called Roman symbols.
For example, the year 2023 is written as MMXXIII.
Rules to Write Roman Numerals
The Additive Principle:
- Symbols are generally written from left to right in decreasing order of value.
- The values of the symbols are added together to obtain the total value of the Roman numeral.
- For example, III represents 1 + 1 + 1 = 3, and LXVII represents 50 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 67.
- This principle is applied when symbols of the same or increasing value are placed together.
The Subtractive Principle:
- A smaller value symbol placed before a larger value symbol indicates subtraction.
- The smaller value is subtracted from the larger value.
- For example, IV represents 5 – 1 = 4, and CM represents 1000 – 100 = 900.
- Subtractive notation is used for numbers such as 4, 9, 40, 90, etc.
The subtractive principle is especially important to avoid the repetition of certain symbols and to provide a concise and standardized representation. It allows for efficient notation and prevents the need for multiple occurrences of the same symbol in a row.
Write | Avoid | For the value of |
IV | IIII | 4 |
IX | VIIII | 9 |
XL | XXXX | 40 |
XC | LXXXX | 90 |
CD | CCCC | 400 |
CM | DCCCC | 900 |
Understanding the additive and subtractive principles is crucial for correctly reading and writing Roman numerals. By following these principles, you can accurately represent and interpret various numerical values within the Roman numeral system.
Avoiding Repetition:
- Certain symbols should not repeat more than three times consecutively.
- To represent numbers exceeding three of the same symbols, subtractive notation is used.
- Subtractive notation involves placing a smaller value symbol before a larger value symbol to indicate subtraction.
- For example, 4 is represented as IV instead of IIII, and 9 is represented as IX instead of VIIII.
- Similarly, “XL” represents 50 – 10 = 40, and “XC” represents 100 – 10 = 90.
Minimal Use of Symbols:
- Roman numerals are written using the fewest possible symbols.
- The symbols “I” (1), “X” (10), “C” (100), and “M” (1000) should not repeat more than three times consecutively.
- For example, 4 is represented as IV instead of IIII, and 900 is represented as CM instead of DCCCC.
This rule helps maintain the compactness of Roman numerals and prevents ambiguity.
Reading Roman Numerals:
- To read a Roman numeral, start from the left and work your way to the right.
- Add the values of the symbols together according to the additive principle.
- If a smaller value symbol appears before a larger value symbol, subtract the smaller value from the larger value according to the subtractive principle.
Converting Roman Numerals to Standard numerical system and vice versa
- Start from the left and move to the right of the Roman numeral.
- Assign numerical values to each symbol according to its corresponding Roman numeral value.
- If a smaller value symbol appears before a larger value symbol, subtract the smaller value from the larger value.
- Add up the values of all the symbols to obtain the Arabic numeral equivalent.
Example:
- Convert the Roman numeral “XVIII” to Arabic numerals:
- X = 10, V = 5, and I = 1.
- Since “V” (5) appears before “I” (1), we subtract 1 from 5.
- Adding up the values: 10 + 5 – 1 + 1 + 1 = 18.
- Therefore, “XVIII” in Roman numerals is equivalent to 18 in Numerical system.
Converting Standard numerical system to Roman Numerals:
- Divide the Arabic numeral into place values: thousands, hundreds, tens, and units.
- For each place value, determine the corresponding Roman numeral symbols based on their values.
- Combine the symbols to form the Roman numeral representation.
Example:
- Convert the Arabic numeral 42 to Roman numerals:
- 42 is composed of 40 (XL) and 2 (II).
- The Roman numeral representation is XLII.
Large Numbers in Roman Numerals
Here’s an explanation of how to represent large numbers in Roman numerals:
Place Value Notation:
- Roman numerals use a place value system similar to Arabic numerals.
- The symbols I, X, C, and M represent the units, tens, hundreds, and thousands, respectively.
- Repetition and Grouping:
- Symbols are repeated to represent multiples of the same value.
- For example, III represents 3 (1 + 1 + 1) and XXX represents 30 (10 + 10 + 10).
Subtractive Notation:
- The subtractive principle is employed to represent certain numbers more efficiently.
- By placing a smaller value symbol before a larger value symbol, subtraction is indicated.
- For example, IV represents 4 (5 – 1) and CM represents 900 (1000 – 100).
Using a Bar Symbol:
- A bar is placed on top of a symbol to multiply its value by 1000.
- For example, a bar over the symbol V (V̄) represents 5000.
To represent larger numbers, combine the appropriate symbols and follow the additive and subtractive principles. Here are some examples:
- 1000: M
- 2000: MM
- 3000: MMM
- 4000: MV̄
- 5000: V̄
- 6000: V̄M
- 7000: V̄MM
- 8000: V̄MMM
- 9000: MX̄
- 10,000: X̄
- 50,000: L̄
- 100,000: C̄
- 500,000: D̄
- 1,000,000: M̄
Overline and parentheses notation for larger values
Overline Notation:
- An overline placed above a Roman numeral multiplies its value by 1000.
- It is used to represent numbers that are significantly larger than the standard symbols allow.
- The overline extends over the entire Roman numeral or just a portion of it, depending on the magnitude of the number.
- For example, an overline above the symbol X (X̅) represents 10,000, and an overline above the symbol V (V̅) represents 5,000.
- The overline can be applied to any symbol, including multiple symbols combined together.
Parentheses Notation:
- Parentheses are used to indicate multiplication of the enclosed Roman numeral value by 1000.
- It is another way to represent larger numbers beyond the standard symbols’ range.
- The Roman numeral(s) enclosed within parentheses are multiplied by 1000.
- For example, (X) represents 10,000, and (V) represents 5,000.
- Parentheses can also be used to group symbols together for clarity or to indicate multiplication.
Using these notations, you can represent even larger numbers in Roman numerals. Here are a few examples:
- 50,000: L (or (L))
- 100,000: C (or (C))
- 500,000: D (or (D))
- 1,000,000: M (or (M))
- 5,000,000: V̅ (or (V̅))
- 10,000,000: X̅ (or (X̅))
Examples of representing numbers in the thousands, millions, etc.
Here are examples of representing numbers in the thousands, millions, billions, and beyond using Roman numerals:
Thousands:
- 3000: MMM
- 4000: MV̄ (5000 – 1000)
- 6000: V̄M
- 9000: MX̄ (10000 – 1000)
Millions:
- 1,000,000: M (or (M))
- 2,000,000: MM (or (MM))
- 3,000,000: MMM (or (MMM))
Billions:
- 1,000,000,000: M̄ (or (M̄))
- 2,000,000,000: M̄M̄ (or (M̄M̄))
- 3,000,000,000: M̄M̄M̄ (or (M̄M̄M̄))
Trillions:
- 1,000,000,000,000: M̄M̄ (or (M̄M̄))
- 2,000,000,000,000: M̄M̄M̄ (or (M̄M̄M̄))
- 3,000,000,000,000: M̄M̄M̄M̄ (or (M̄M̄M̄M̄))
Quadrillions:
- 1,000,000,000,000,000: M̄M̄M̄ (or (M̄M̄M̄))
- 2,000,000,000,000,000: M̄M̄M̄M̄ (or (M̄M̄M̄M̄))
- 3,000,000,000,000,000: M̄M̄M̄M̄M̄ (or (M̄M̄M̄M̄M̄))
Practical Applications of Roman Numerals
- Clocks and Watches:
- Roman numerals are commonly used on clock faces to indicate the hours.
- They provide a classic and elegant appearance, often seen in traditional or decorative timepieces.
- Page Numbering and Outlines:
- Roman numerals are used to number the pages of books, especially in introductory sections, prefaces, or table of contents.
- They are also used for outlining chapters, sections, or subsections in legal documents, research papers, or academic manuscripts.
- Numbering of Movie Sequels and Series:
- Roman numerals are frequently used to number movie sequels, series, or editions.
- This usage helps differentiate and identify different installments of a franchise or production.
- Dates and Copyrights:
- Roman numerals are employed in dating certain historical events or inscriptions.
- They are also used to indicate the year of production or copyright in books, movies, or music.
- Monuments, Statues, and Building Cornerstones:
- Roman numerals can be found on monuments, statues, or building cornerstones, representing the year of establishment, construction, or significant events.
- Sporting Events:
- Roman numerals are used to designate the edition or number of major sporting events, such as the Super Bowl or Olympic Games.
- Educational Purposes:
- Roman numerals are often taught in schools as part of historical and mathematical education.
- They help students understand ancient numeral systems and historical context.
- Decorative and Artistic Applications:
- Roman numerals are commonly used in decorative elements, such as jewelry, engravings, or architectural designs.
- They add a touch of elegance and a sense of timelessness to various artistic expressions.